Ketorolac
Ketorolac. Non-selective COX inhibitor; an exceptionally potent short-term analgesic given IM/IV (opioid-level acute-pain relief). Use limited… Oral half-life 5.1 h.
Non-selective COX inhibitor; an exceptionally potent short-term analgesic given IM/IV (opioid-level acute-pain relief). Use limited to ≤5 days (all routes combined) due to GI, renal, and bleeding risk.
PK: this record PASSES the three-arm check — its citation genuinely dosed intravenously, intramuscularly and orally in a fifteen-subject crossover — and its volume is intravenous-derived, so the pairing with bioavailability is correct. The half-life of 5.09 h is verbatim and legitimately shared across routes. But V 13 L matches NEITHER stated value: the paper gives a steady-state 0.11 L/kg, which is 7.7 L, and a terminal 0.17 L/kg, which is 11.9 L; 13 L requires an undeclared 76.5 kg. Both absorption rates are refuted by the paper own peak times and INVERT its ordering — it reports intramuscular and oral peaks differing by 0.1 h while the stored rates differ by 59%. Bioavailability is stated only qualitatively as "essentially complete", so the 0.9 becomes 1 with that qualitative basis recorded. ANALYTE: this is a racemate whose S-enantiomer carries essentially all analgesia and clears about 2.4 times faster, so 5.09 h describes neither active species; an honest caveat is that the enantiomer half-lives available come from an assay a later paper shows RACEMIZES the drug.
Pharmacokinetics
- IV — t½ 5.1 h · F 100% · Vd 7.7 L
- Intramuscular — t½ 5.1 h · F 100% · Vd 7.7 L
- Oral — t½ 5.1 h · F 100% · Vd 7.7 L
Sources: PMID:3264245, PMID:10377455, PMID:8148223